Methods for differentiating and monitoring parathyroid and bone status related diseases

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel methods and devices for differentiating in a patient parathyroid diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism and related bone diseases, from normal or non-disease states. One detects whole or non-fragmented (1 to 84) parathyroid hormone in a biological sample and also a large non-whole parathyroid hormone peptide fragment that can function as a parathyroid hormone antagonist. By either comparing values or using independently the value of either the large non-whole parathyroid hormone peptide fragment, the whole parathyroid hormone, or the combination of these values one is able to differentiate parathyroid and bone related disease states, as well as differentiate such states from normal states.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of a non-provisional utility patent application filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Ser. No. 09/231,422.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates to novel methods and devices for differentiating in a patient parathyroid diseases, such as hyperparathyroidism, from normal or non-disease states. One detects whole or non-fragmented (1 to 84) parathyroid hormone in a biological sample and also a large non-whole parathyroid hormone peptide fragment that can function as a parathyroid hormone antagonist. By either comparing values or using independently the value of either the large non-whole parathyroid hormone peptide fragment, the whole parathyroid hormone, or the combination of these values one can differentiate parathyroid and bone related disease states, as well as differentiate such states from normal states.

BACKGROUND ART

[0003] Calcium plays an indispensable role in cell permeability, the formation of bones and teeth, blood coagulation, transmission of nerve impulse, and normal muscle contraction. The concentration of calcium ions in the blood is, along with calcitrol and calcitonin, regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Although calcium intake and excretion may vary, PTH serves through a feedback mechanism to maintain a steady concentration of calcium in cells and surrounding fluids. When serum calcium lowers, the parathyroid glands secrete PTH, affecting the release of stored calcium. When serum calcium increases, stored calcium release is retarded through lowered secretions of PTH.

[0004] The complete form of human PTH, sometimes referred to in the art as hPTH but referred to in the present invention either as whole PTH or wPTH, is a unique 84 amino acid peptide (SEQ ID NO.1), as is shown in FIG. 1. Researchers have found that this peptide has an anabolic effect on bone that involves a domain for protein kinase C activation (amino acid residues 28 to 34) as well as a domain for adenylate cyclase activation (amino acid residues 1 to 7). However, various catabolic forms of clipped or fragmented PTH peptides also are found in circulation, most likely formed by intraglandular or peripheral metabolism. For example, whole PTH can be cleaved between amino acids 34 and 35 to produce a (1-34) PTH N-terminal fragment and a (35-84) PTH C-terminal fragment. Likewise, clipping can occur between either amino acids 36 and 37 or 37 and 38. Recently, a large PTH fragment referred to as “non-(1-84) PTH” has been disclosed which is clipped closer to the N-terminal end of PTH. (See R. LePage et alia, “A non-(J-84) circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) fragment interferes significantly with intact PTH commercial assay measurements in uremic samples” Clin. Chem. (1998); 44: 805-810.)

[0005] The clinical need for accurate measurement of PTH is well demonstrated. Serum PTH level is one of the most important indices for patients with the following diseases: familial hypocalciuria; hypercalcemia; multiple endocrine neoplasia types I and II; osteoporosis; Paget's bone disease; primary hyperparathyroidism—caused by primary hyperplasia or adenoma of the parathyroid glands; pseudohypoparathyroidism; and renal failure, which can cause secondary hyperparathyroidism.

[0006] PTH plays a role in the course of disease in a patient with chronic renal failure. Renal osteodystrophy (RO) is a complex skeletal disease comprising osteitis fibrosa cystica (caused by PTH excess), osteomalacia—unmineralized bone matrix (caused by vitamin D deficiency), extraskeletal calcification/ossification (caused by abnormal calcium and phosphorus metabolism), and adynamic bone disease (contributed to by PTH suppression). Chronic renal failure patients can develop RO. Failing kidneys increase serum phosphorus (hyperphosphoremia) and decrease 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-D) production by the kidney. The former results in secondary hyperparathyroidism from decreased gastrointestinal calcium absorption and osteitis fibrosa cystica from increased PTH in response to an increase in serum phosphorus. The later causes hypocalcemia and osteomalacia. With the onset of secondary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland becomes less responsive to its hormonal regulators because of decreased expression of its calcium and vitamin D receptors. Serum calcium drops. RO can lead to digital gangrene, bone pain, bone fractures, and muscle weakness.

[0007] Determining circulating biologically active PTH levels in humans has been challenging. One major problem is that PTH is found at low levels, normally 10 pg/mL to 65 pg/mL. Coupled with extremely low circulating levels is the problem of the heterogeneity of PTH and its many circulating fragments. In many cases, immunoassays have faced substantial and significant interference from circulating PTH fragments. For example, some commercially available PTH kits have almost 100% cross-reactivity with the non-(1-84) PTH fragment, (see the LePage article).

[0008] PTH immunoassays have varied over the years. One early approach is a double antibody precipitation immunoassay found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,138 to Arnold W. Lindall et alia. A first antibody has a high affinity for a (65-84) PTH fragment. A radioactive labeled (65-84) PTH peptide is added to the sample with the first antibody to compete for the endogenous unlabeled peptide. A second antibody is added which binds to any first antibody and radioactive labeled PTH fragment complex, thereby forming a precipitate. Both precipitate and supernatant can be measured for radioactive activity, and endogenous PTH levels can be calculated therefrom.

[0009] In an effort to overcome PTH fragment interference, immunoradiometric two-site assays for intact PTH (I-PTH) have been introduced, such as Allegro® Intact PTH assay by the Nichol's Institute of San Juan Capistrano, Calif. In one version, a capture antibody specifically binds to the C-terminal portion of hPTH while a labeled antibody specifically binds to the N-terminal portion of the captured hPTH. In another, two monoclonal antibodies were used, both of which attached to the N-terminal portion of hPTH. Unfortunately, these assays have problems in that they measure but do not discriminate between wPTH and non-whole PTH peptide fragments. This inability comes to the fore in hyperparathyroid patients and renal failure patients who have significant endogenous concentrations of large, non-whole PTH fragments.

[0010] Recently, researchers have made a specific binding assay directed to the large N-terminal PTH fragments. (See Gao, Ping et alia “Immunochemicalluminometric assay with two monoc/ona antibodies against the N-termina/sequence of human parathyroid hormone”, Clinica Chimica Acta 245 (1996) 39-59.) This immunochemiluminometric assay uses two monoclonal antibodies to detect N-terminal (1-34) PTH fragments but not mid-portion PTH fragments or C-terminal PTH fragments. A key factor in the design of these assays is to eliminate any reaction with C-terminal PTH fragments.

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The present invention relates to novel methods and devices for differentiating in a patient parathyroid diseases, (such as primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and stages thereof), from normal or non-disease states; for monitoring the function of parathyroid glands either during or after treatment, i.e., intra-operation and after operation parathyroid function monitoring as well as therapeutic treatment; and also for monitoring the effects of therapeutic treatments for parathyroid related bone diseases and hyperparathyroidism. One detects the level in the serum or blood of at least one of three different parameters, namely, whole or non-fragmented parathyroid hormone in a biological sample, a large non-whole parathyroid hormone peptide fragment that can function as a parathyroid hormone antagonist, or the combination of the two values. By comparing the two values or by examining independently one of the above three values, one can differentiate parathyroid and bone disease states, as well as differentiate such states from normal states, as the relationship between these values, as well as the values themselves, change significantly between a normal person and a patient with a parathyroid disease.

[0012] The present invention incorporates a discovery that a large, non-whole PTH peptide fragment, a peptide having an amino acid sequence from between (SEQ ID NO.2 [PTH₃₋₈₄]) and (SEQ ID NO.3 [PTH₃₄₋₈₄]), functions in vivo as a wPTH antagonist or inhibitor (PIN), (see FIG. 12). In other words, the binding of wPTH to PTH receptors and the subsequent biological activity are affected by the presence of this PIN peptide fragment. The PTH receptors can be tied up with respect to PTH or PTH analogs in that the PTH binding site is blocked. The relationship between the concentrations of wPTH and PIN vary with PTH related disease states, and thus, are indicative of such states. Equally useful in view of the discovery of the antagonist nature of PIN, the present invention relates to novel methods and devices for monitoring parathyroid related bone diseases, and resultant bone loss or build-up. Increased amounts of PIN can inhibit the calcium releasing activity of PTH.

[0013] In making a measurement of wPTH, one does not want to detect PIN. The method for measuring the amount of wPTH in a sample such as serum, plasma, or blood comprises four general steps which can vary depending upon whether one uses a first antibody or antibody fragment specific for the PTH peptide SER-VAL-SER-GLU-ILE-GLN-LEU-MET (SEQ ID NO.4), wherein at least four amino acids are part of the antibody reactive portion of the peptide either as a signal antibody or a capture antibody in conventional immunoassay formats. (One can also use an analogous peptide present in other species, such as a rat peptide in which the first amino acid serine is substituted with an alanine.) Used either as a signal antibody or as a capture antibody, enough antibody is added to bind all wPTH present. Next, one allows the first antibody to bind to any wPTH present, thereby forming a complex. A specific binding label comprised of a second antibody and a conventional immunoassay label, such as chemiluminescent agents, colorimetric agents, energy transfer agents, enzymes, fluorescent agents, and radioisotopes, is used to label the complex, preferably at the C-terminal end of wPTH, and can be added either substantially simultaneously with the first antibody or subsequent thereto. Finally, one uses conventional techniques to measure the amount of labeled complex, and thereby calculate wPTH levels in the sample. If used as a signal antibody, then the first antibody still attaches at the N-terminal end, but the second antibody would serve as a capture antibody that attaches at the C-terminal end.

[0014] In making a measurement of PIN, one can either measure it directly, or indirectly. An indirect measurement can be made by first measuring wPTH and then measuring total PTH. Subtracting the wPTH value from the total PTH value, one derives the PIN value. (For the purposes of the present invention, “total PTH” refers to the sum of wPTH, the naturally occurring predominant PTH receptor binding agonist, and PIN, the naturally occurring predominant PTH receptor binding antagonist.) A total PTH assay detects both PIN and wPTH by detecting the N-terminal end of PTH not at SEQ ID NO.4, the very end of the N-terminal. By detecting between about amino acids 7 to 38 of PTH, the assay can detect both. A commercially available assay for total PTH is available from Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc. of Santee, Calif. A direct measurement of total PTH can be made by using an antibody or antibody fragment specific for a portion of the PTH peptide LEU-MET-HIS-ASN-LEU-GLY-LYS-HIS-LEU-ALA-SER-VAL-GLU-ARG-MET-GLN-TRP-LEU-ARG-LYS-LYS-LEU-GLN-ASP-VAL-HIS-ASN-PHE-VAL ALA-LEU-GLY (SEQ ID NO.5), which comprises amino acids 7 to 38 of PTH, (preferably between amino acids 9 to 34), wherein at least four amino acids are part of the antibody reactive portion of the peptide. Such an antibody or antibody fragment can be used in conventional immunoassay formats either as a signal antibody or a capture antibody.

[0015] To differentiate between parathyroid disease states and the normal state or to monitor the effects of therapeutic treatment for parathyroid disease states, one can compare the relationship between the values of wPTH, PIN, or total PTH, (the combination of wPTH and PIN), in other words, the relationship between the values of PIN and total PTH, between PIN and whole PTH, or between whole PTH and total PTH. For example, one can use a proportion between wPTH and total PTH, between PIN and total PTH, or between PIN and wPTH. (Comparisons can even take the form of a neural network of all these factors.) Regardless of the comparative method chosen, these values change significantly between a normal person and a patient with a parathyroid disease and between various stages of parathyroid diseases.

[0016] Alternatively, one can either differentiate between parathyroid disease states and the normal state or monitor the effects of therapeutic treatment for parathyroid disease states by examining independently the value of either wPTH, PIN, or total PTH alone.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of human wPTH.

[0018]FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a wPTH assay using the present antibody as a tracer element.

[0019]FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a wPTH assay using the present antibody as a capture element.

[0020]FIG. 4 is a graph showing a standard curve for a wPTH assay.

[0021]FIG. 5 is a graph comparing a conventional I-PTH assay with the present wPTH assay for healthy normal persons with “normal” PTH values.

[0022]FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view showing interference from PIN in conventional I-PTH assays.

[0023]FIG. 7 is a graph comparing a conventional I-PTH assay with the present wPTH assay for patients with chronic uremia.

[0024]FIG. 8 is a graph showing the distribution of wPTH values for healthy normal persons, patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and patients with chronic uremia.

[0025]FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view showing how PIN blocks the action of wPTH at the receptor level, thereby making the person insensitive to the biological effects of wPTH.

[0026]FIG. 10 is a graph demonstrating complete cross-reactivity of wPTH and PIN in a total PTH assay used in the present invention.

[0027]FIG. 11 is a graph demonstrating how the whole PTH assay used in the present invention does not detect to PIN.

[0028]FIG. 12 is a graph demonstrating how PIN is an in vivo inhibitor of wPTH.

BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

[0029] In disclosing the present invention, one should remember that there are a number of closely analogous, species dependent forms of PTH. The amino acid sequence of hPTH is shown in FIG. 1. However, for rat PTH, bovine PTH, or porcine PTH, for example, one finds the substitutions at some of the amino acids in the hPTH sequence. For the purposes of the present invention, one can use interchangeably antibodies or antibody fragments to forms of these PTHs, although it is preferred to use an antibody with specificity for PTH having a sequence matching the species in which the PTH measurements are made.

Whole PTH Immunoassay

[0030] A preferred embodiment of the present invention is an immunoradiometric assay 15 (IRMA), often referred to as a sandwich assay, as shown FIGS. 2 and 3. Elements employed in such an assay (10) include a capture antibody (12) attached to a solid support (14) and a signal antibody (16) having a label (18), attached thereto (20). Typically, one selects a capture antibody that is specific for C-terminal PTH fragments (22), while the label antibody is specific for the initial wPTH peptide sequence which comprises a domain for adenylate cyclase activation (24), as shown in FIG. 2. However, one could reverse the specificity of these antibodies, as is shown in FIG. 3.

[0031] Alternatively, one could create an immunoassay in which wPTH is either precipitated from solution or otherwise differentiated in a solution, as in conventional precipitating assays or turbidometric assays. For example, one can use at least three antibodies to form a precipitating mass. In addition to the initial wPTH sequence antibody and a C-terminal antibody, one can use at least a third antibody which attaches to the mid portion of PTH. The combined mass of wPTH and the at least three antibodies would form a labeled precipitating mass which can be measured by conventional techniques. Another method would be to couple the initial wPTH sequence antibody to colloidal solid supports, such as latex particles.

[0032] More specifically, one can create a signal antibody by iodinating 50 micrograms of affinity purified goat anti-(1-6) PTH antibody (Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc., Santee Calif., U.S.A.) by oxidation with chloramine T, incubation for 25 seconds at room temperature with 1 millicurie of 125-1 radioisotope and reduction with sodium metabisulfate. Unincorporated 125-1 radioisotope is separated from the 125-1-Goat anti-(1-6) PTH signal antibody by, passing the iodination mixture over a PD-10 desalting column (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and following the manufacturers instructions. The fractions collected from the desalting column are measured in a gamma counter and those fractions representing the 125-1-goat anti-(1-6) PTH antibody are pooled and diluted to approximately 300,000 D PM (disintegrations per minute) per 100 microliters. This solution is the tracer solution to be used in the whole PTH IRMA.

[0033] Capture antibody coated tubes can be created by attaching affinity purified goat anti PTH 39-84 antibody, (Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc., Santee, Calif., U.S.A.), to 12×75 mm polystyrene tubes (Nunc, Denmark) by means of passive absorption techniques which are known to those of skill in the art. The tubes are emptied and dried, creating solid phase antibody coated tubes.

[0034] To conduct a whole PTH assay of a sample, 200 microliter samples of human serum are added to the solid phase antibody coated tubes. To each tube is added 100 microliters of the tracer solution (labeled goat anti-(1-6) PTH signal antibody). The tubes are incubated at room temperature with shaking at 170 rpm for 20-22 hours. During this time the immunochemical reaction of forming the sandwich of {solid phase goat anti-(39-84) PTH antibody}—{whole PTH}—{125-1-goat anti-(1-6) PTH antibody} takes place. Following this incubation, the test tubes are washed with distilled water. Radioactivity onthe solid phase, which amount corresponds to the quantity of wPTH present, is measured using a gamma counter. The radioactivity data for the samples is processed by conventional analysis with use of the results from standards and controls and computer software in order that the concentration of whole PTH in the samples may be ascertained. FIG. 4 shows a standard curve for such an assay.

Initial Whole PTH Sequence Peptide

[0035] In order to make the signal antibody in the above assay, first one makes a synthetic PTH peptide corresponding either to hPTH (Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met), rat PTH (Ala-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met), or at least four amino acids in the common sequence. The selected peptide can play two roles in making an assay, first as a specific source for creating a polyclonal antibody or monoclonal antibody source for signal antibody or capture antibody, and second as part of an affinity purification means for isolating the desired signal antibody or capture antibody.

[0036] Briefly, such a peptide can be synthesized on an Applied Biosystems, Inc. (Foster City, Calif., U.S.A.) Model 431 automated peptide synthesizer employing Fmoc (9-fluoronylmethoxycarbonyl) as the alpha-amino protecting group. All amino acids and solvents are from Applied Biosystems and are of synthesis grade. Following synthesis, the peptide is cleaved from the resin, and side chains are de-blocked, using a cleavage cocktail containing 6.67% phenol, 4.4% (v/v) thioanisole and 8.8% ethanedithiol in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The cleaved peptide is precipitated and washed several times in cold diethyl ether. It is then dissolved in water and lyophilized. The crude peptide is subjected to amino acid analysis (Waters PICO-TAG System, Boston, Mass., U.S.A.) and reversed-phase HPLC using a VYDAC (TM) C8 column with 0.1% TF A in water and 99.9% acetonitrile in 0.1% TFA as the mobile buffers. The presence of a single major peak along with the appropriate amino acid composition is taken as evidence that the peptide is suitable for further use.

[0037] The resulting peptide is then attached to cross linked agarose beads (activated Sepharose 4B from Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) according to instructions from the manufacturer. Armed with the initial peptide sequence on a bead, one can affinity purify a polyclonal antibody serum source to isolate the initial sequence antibody for the wPTH immunoassay.

Initial Sequence Whole PTH Antibody

[0038] To create an affinity-purified anti-(1-6) PTH antibody, one first uses a selected initial PTH sequence peptide as described above as part of an immunogen for injection into a goat. The peptide can be used either by itself as an injectible immunogen, incorporated into a non PTH peptide having a molecular weight, typically, of between about 5,000 and 10,000,000, or as part of the wPTH complete sequence. The immunogen is mixed with an equal volume of Freunds complete adjuvant which is a mixture of light mineral oil, Arlacel detergent, and inactivated mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli. The resulting mixture is homogenized to produce an aqueous/oil emulsion which is injected into the animal (typically a goat) for the primary immunization. The immunogen dose is approximately 50-400 micrograms. The goats are injected monthly with the same dose of immunogen complex except no mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli is used in these subsequent injections. The goats are bled monthly, approximately three months after the primary immunization. The serum (or antiserum) is derived from each bleeding by separating the red blood cells from the blood by centrifugation and removing the antiserum which is rich in (1-6) PTH antibodies.

[0039] To purify the antiserum for the desired (1-6) PTH antibody, one packs a separation column with the initial PTH sequence peptide bound beads described above, washes the column and equilibrates it with 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The antiserum is loaded onto the column and washed with 0.01 M PBS in order to remove antibodies without the (1-6) PTH specificity. The bound specific goat anti-(1-6) PTH polyclonal antibody is eluted from the solid phase PTH 1-6 in the column by passing an elution solution of 0.1 M glycine hydrochloride buffer, pH 2.5 through the column. The eluted polyclonal antibody is neutralized after it leaves the column with either the addition of 1.0 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5 or by a buffer exchange with 0.01 M PBS, as is known to those of skill in the art. The polyclonal antibody is stored at 2-8 degrees centigrade.

Comparison Between Whole PTH and Total PTH Assays

[0040] The present wPTH IRMA assay was compared to a conventional intact PTH or I-PTH immunoassay, the Allegro Nichols Intact-PTH assay, (which is commercially available and made by Nichols Institute Diagnostics of San Juan Capistrano, Calif., U.S.A.), in both PTH normal persons and those suffering from chronic uremia. This I-PTH immunoassay, due to its 100% cross reactivity between PIN and wPTH, is in actuality a total PTH assay, (see FIG. 10).

[0041]FIG. 5 shows the results for 34 normal human serum samples from healthy subjects which were assayed both by the present wPTH IRMA and the above I-PTH assay. In every case, the level of wpm detected by the IRMA is lower than that reported by the I-PTH assay, demonstrating the ability of the present IRMA to avoid detecting the interfering large, non (1-84) PTH fragment detected by the I-PTH assay, (see FIG. 11). FIG. 6 illustrates how such interference can occur. An N-terminal PTH specific signal antibody which is not specific to the initial PTH peptide sequence, as in the present invention, can detect not only wPTH (as in the upper part of FIG. 6), but also can detect PIN, the large, non (1-84) PTH fragment, (as in the lower part of FIG. 6).

[0042] A comparison of assay results for 157 chronic uremic patients is shown in FIG. 7. Serum samples from these patients were measured using the wPTH IRMA and the above I-PTH assay. In every case the wPTH levels are lower than I-PTH values.

Clinical Use

[0043] The present wPTH and PIN assays have been used in a clinical setting involving 188 persons. The group included 31 persons having normal healthy parathyroid glands and 157 patients with chronic uremia who are undergoing dialysis on a continuous basis. Each person had a blood sample drawn which was assayed using a wPTH assay from Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc. as well as an I-PTH assay from Nichols Institute which gave total PTH values.

[0044] Table I shows the results individually and comparatively, of the wPTH, PIN, and total PTH assays from chronic uremic patients on dialysis. TABLE 1 Total Whole PIN PIN Whole PTH Patient PTH PTH PIN to to Whole to No. pg/ml pg/ml pg/ml Total PTH PTH Total PTH 1 1410 740 670 48% 91% 52% 2 185 89 96 52% 108% 48% 3 231 104 127 55% 122% 45% 4 1020 590 430 42% 73% 53% 5 270 159 111 41% 70% 59% 6 201 100 101 50% 101% 50% 7 380 100 280 74% 280% 26% 8 460 277 183 40% 66% 60% 9 380 197 183 48% 93% 52% 10 880 522 358 41% 69% 59% 11 310 154 156 50% 101% 50% 12 880 451 429 49% 95% 51% 13 670 418 252 38% 60% 63% 14 390 221 169 43% 76% 57% 15 170 108 62 36% 57% 64% 16 510 381 129 25% 34% 75% 17 200 67 133 67% 199% 34% 18 170 109 61 36% 56% 64% 19 360 199 161 45% 81% 55% 20 260 164 96 37% 59% 63% 21 440 372 68 15% 18% 85% 22 120 51.7 68.3 57% 132% 43% 23 600 527 73 12% 14% 83% 24 220 130 90 41% 69% 59% 25 190 136 54 28% 40% 72% 26 220 118 102 46% 86% 54% 27 630 334 296 47% 89% 53% 28 150 90 60 40% 67% 60% 29 170 106 64 38% 60% 62% 30 810 489 321 40% 66% 60% 31 570 319 251 44% 79% 56% 32 570 467 103 18% 22% 82% 33 400 300 100 25% 33% 75% 34 560 378 182 33% 48% 68% 35 310 121 189 61% 156% 39% 36 240 98 142 59% 145% 41% 37 280 133 157 54% 118% 48% 38 230 124 106 46% 85% 54% 39 350 319 31 9% 10% 91% 40 200 133 67 34% 50% 67% 41 920 564 356 39% 63% 61% 42 210 89 121 58% 136% 42% 43 1990 904 1086 55% 120% 45% 44 300 212 88 29% 42% 71% 45 260 132 128 49% 97% 51% 46 140 72 68 49% 94% 51% 47 250 129 121 48% 94% 52% 48 130 72 58 45% 81% 56% 49 1840 1000 840 46% 84% 54% 50 280 167 113 40% 68% 60% 51 490 268 222 45% 83% 55% 52 150 77.1 72.9 49% 95% 51% 53 140 58.1 81.9 59% 141% 42% 54 210 92.7 117.3 56% 127% 44% 55 160 79 81 51% 103% 49% 56 480 296 184 38% 62% 62% 57 480 281 199 41% 71% 59% 58 270 120 150 56% 125% 44% 59 97 45 52 54% 116% 46% 60 330 154 176 53% 114% 47% 61 110 56 54 49% 96% 51% 62 660 456 204 31% 45% 69% 63 300 137 163 54% 119% 46% 64 240 145 95 40% 66% 60% 65 100 66.5 33.5 34% 50% 67% 66 410 416.3 −6.3 −2% −2% 102% 67 410 235.7 174.3 43% 74% 57% 68 45 14.4 30.6 68% 213% 32% 69 200 102.3 97.7 49% 96% 51% 70 300 134 166 55% 124% 45% 71 320 202 118 37% 58% 63% 72 440 254 186 42% 73% 58% 73 190 99.6 90.4 48% 91% 52% 74 160 74.6 85.4 53% 114% 47% 75 600 429.8 170.2 28% 40% 72% 76 1140 632 508 45% 80% 55% 77 440 211 229 52% 109% 48% 78 450 276 174 39% 63% 61% 79 510 344 166 33% 48% 67% 80 190 62.8 127.2 67% 203% 33% 81 170 86 84 49% 98% 51% 82 180 103.4 76.6 43% 74% 57% 83 78 22.7 55.3 71% 244% 29% 84 230 117 113 49% 97% 51% 85 160 96 64 40% 67% 60% 86 220 89 131 60% 147% 40% 87 470 321.5 148.5 32% 46% 68% 88 310 137 173 56% 126% 44% 89 2050 1127 923 45% 82% 55% 90 930 414 516 55% 125% 45% 91 180 65 115 64% 177% 36% 92 560 238 322 58% 135% 43% 93 640 597 43 7% 7% 93% 94 590 382 208 35% 54% 65% 95 270 103 167 62% 162% 38% 96 560 349 211 38% 60% 62% 97 180 78 102 57% 131% 43% 98 790 429 361 46% 84% 54% 99 670 372 298 44% 80% 56% 100 140 20.4 119.6 85% 586% 15% 101 190 117 73 38% 62% 62% 102 190 108 82 43% 76% 57% 103 430 217 213 50% 98% 50% 104 560 439 121 22% 28% 78% 105 500 357.7 142.3 28% 40% 72% 106 1560 777 783 50% 101% 50% 107 62 24.3 37.7 61% 155% 39% 108 430 226 204 47% 90% 53% 109 160 67.2 92.8 58% 138% 42% 110 530 346 184 35% 53% 65% 111 260 142 118 45% 83% 55% 112 580 163 417 72% 256% 28% 113 440 579 −139 −32% −24% 132% 114 500 232.3 267.7 54% 115% 46% 115 160 60 100 63% 167% 38% 116 340 202 138 41% 68% 59% 117 260 138 122 47% 88% 53% 118 260 119 141 54% 118% 46% 119 160 84 76 48% 90% 53% 120 130 46 84 65% 183% 35% 121 190 104 86 45% 83% 55% 122 420 334 86 20% 26% 80% 123 630 440 190 30% 43% 70% 124 75 26.4 48.6 65% 184% 35% 125 260 143 117 45% 82% 55% 126 640 409 231 36% 56% 64% 127 130 66.7 63.3 49% 95% 51% 128 700 381 319 46% 84% 54% 129 560 376 184 33% 49% 67% 130 240 107 133 55% 124% 45% 131 110 63 47 43% 75% 57% 132 420 297 123 29% 41% 71% 133 580 229 351 61% 153% 39% 134 310 201.2 108.8 35% 54% 65% 135 160 97.9 62.1 39% 63% 61% 136 290 138.7 151.3 52% 109% 48% 137 200 96.2 103.8 52% 108% 48% 138 770 662.7 107.3 14% 16% 86% 139 290 130.7 159.3 55% 122% 45% 140 260 219 41 16% 19% 84% 141 350 211 139 40% 66% 60% 142 730 463.5 266.5 37% 57% 63% 143 490 231 259 53% 112% 47% 144 160 87 73 46% 84% 54% 145 380 222 158 42% 71% 58% 146 210 93.5 116.5 55% 125% 45% 147 630 383.4 246.6 39% 64% 61% 148 150 83.2 66.8 45% 80% 55% 149 320 152.5 167.5 52% 110% 48% 150 900 467.6 432.4 48% 92% 52% 151 1180 818.6 361.4 31% 44% 69% 152 120 38.4 81.6 68% 213% 32% 153 5230 1388 3842 73% 277% 27% 154 34 10.5 23.5 69% 224% 31% 155 1020 590.6 429.4 42% 73% 58% 156 280 76.6 103.4 57% 135% 43% 157 120 51.1 68.9 57% 135% 43% Median 300 154 127 46% 84% 54%

[0045] TABLE 2 shows the results, individually and comparatively, of the wPTH, PIN, and total PTH assays from the normals. TABLE 2 Total Whole PIN PIN Whole PTH Patient PTH PTH PIN to to Whole to No. pg/ml pg/ml pg/ml Total PTH PTH Total PTH 1 17.13 3.32 13.81 81% 416% 19% 2 32.92 10.49 22.43 68% 214% 32% 3 31.32 10.31 21.01 67% 204% 33% 4 41.84 12.72 29.12 70% 229% 30% 5 33.03 10.09 22.94 69% 227% 31% 6 44.32 14.23 30.09 68% 211% 32% 7 31.47 6.80 24.67 78% 363% 22% 8 20.82 10.03 10.79 52% 108% 48% 9 34.64 15.95 18.69 54% 117% 46% 10 23.69 5.25 18.44 78% 351% 22% 11 53.98 17.82 36.16 67% 203% 33% 12 52.71 18.83 33.88 64% 180% 36% 13 26.92 5.63 21.29 79% 378% 21% 14 39.93 11.86 28.07 70% 237% 30% 15 48.84 20.47 28.37 58% 139% 42% 16 29.56 13.68 15.88 54% 116% 46% 17 36.19 14.69 21.50 59% 146% 41% 18 20.96 6.99 13.97 67% 200% 33% 19 59.29 27.89 31.40 53% 113% 47% 20 45.57 18.23 27.34 60% 150% 40% 21 35.64 18.72 16.92 47% 90% 53% 22 38.53 19.56 18.97 49% 97% 51% 23 21.71 9.34 12.37 57% 132% 43% 24 32.42 13.51 18.91 58% 140% 42% 25 28.50 10.41 18.09 63% 174% 37% 26 18.17 7.80 10.37 57% 133% 43% 27 39.96 17.29 22.67 57% 131% 43% 28 34.08 15.24 18.84 55% 124% 45% 29 42.95 19.59 23.36 54% 119% 46% 30 38.40 12.16 26.24 68% 216% 32% 31 47.57 18.45 29.12 61% 158% 39% MEDIAN 34.64 13.51 21.50 61% 158% 39%

[0046] Clearly, the statistically significant differences in the medians of these two groups demonstrates that one can differentiate between the two by using these assays alone or by comparing their respective values. TABLE 3 Whole Total Whole PIN to PIN to PTH to Sample PTH PTH PIN Total Whole Total Type (pg/mL) (pg/mL) (pg/mL) PTH PTH PTH Chronic 300 154 127 46%  84% 55% uremia (n = 157) Medi- ans Normal 34.64 13.51 21.50 61% 158% 37% (n = 31) Medi- ans P-Value <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001

[0047] The ordinarily skilled artisan can appreciate that the present invention can incorporate any number of the preferred features described above.

[0048] All publications or unpublished patent applications mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference thereto.

[0049] Other embodiments of the present invention are not presented here which are obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art, now or during the term of any patent issuing from this patent specification, and thus, are within the spirit and scope of the present invention.

1 7 1 84 PRT human parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 1 Ser Val Ser Glu Ile Gln Leu Met His Asn Leu Gly Lys His Leu 1 5 10 15 Asn Ser Met Glu Arg Val Glu Trp Leu Arg Lys Lys Leu Gln Asp 20 25 30 Val His Asn Phe Val Ala Leu Gly Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Arg Asp 35 40 45 Ala Gly Ser Gln Arg Pro Arg Lys Lys Glu Asp Asn Val Leu Val 50 55 60 Glu Ser His Glu Lys Ser Leu Gly Glu Ala Asp Lys Ala Asp Val 65 70 75 Asn Val Leu Thr Lys Ala Lys Ser Gln 80 2 82 PRT human parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 2 Ser Glu Ile Gln Leu Met His Asn Leu Gly Lys His Leu Asn Ser 1 5 10 15 Met Glu Arg Val Glu Trp Leu Arg Lys Lys Leu Gln Asp Val His 20 25 30 Asn Phe Val Ala Leu Gly Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Arg Asp Ala Gly 35 40 45 Ser Gln Arg Pro Arg Lys Lys Glu Asp Asn Val Leu Val Glu Ser 50 55 60 His Glu Lys Ser Leu Gly Glu Ala Asp Lys Ala Asp Val Asn Val 65 70 75 Leu Thr Lys Ala Lys Ser Gln 80 3 51 PRT human parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 3 Phe Val Ala Leu Gly Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Arg Asp Ala Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 Gln Arg Pro Arg Lys Lys Glu Asp Asn Val Leu Val Glu Ser His 20 25 30 Glu Lys Ser Leu Gly Glu Ala Asp Lys Ala Asp Val Asn Val Leu 35 40 45 Thr Lys Ala Lys Ser Gln 50 4 8 PRT human parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 4 Ser Val Ser Glu Ile Gln Leu Met 1 5 5 32 PRT human parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 5 Leu Met His Asn Leu Gly Lys His Leu Asn Ser Met Glu Arg Val 1 5 10 15 Glu Trp Leu Arg Lys Lys Leu Gln Asp Val His Asn Phe Val Ala 20 25 30 Leu Gly 6 78 PRT human parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 6 Leu Met His Asn Leu Gly Lys His Leu Asn Ser Met Glu Arg Val 1 5 10 15 Glu Trp Leu Arg Lys Lys Leu Gln Asp Val His Asn Phe Val Ala 20 25 30 Leu Gly Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Arg Asp Ala Gly Ser Gln Arg Pro 35 40 45 Arg Lys Lys Glu Asp Asn Val Leu Val Glu Ser His Glu Lys Ser 50 55 60 Leu Gly Glu Ala Asp Lys Ala Asp Val Asn Val Leu Thr Lys Ala 65 70 75 Lys Ser Gln 7 8 PRT rat parathyroid hormone peptide fragment 7 Ala Val Ser Glu Ile Gln Leu Met 1 5 

1-46. (Canceled).
 47. A method for producing antibodies to a three-dimensional epitope of a bioactive human parathyroid hormone, comprising: a) immunizing an animal with the bioactive human parathyroid hormone; and b) recovering antibodies from the animal; whereby the antibodies specifically recognize the three-dimensional structure of the bioactive human parathyroid hormone.
 48. The method of claim 47, further comprising immunizing the animal with the human parathyroid hormone a second time before recovering the antibodies from the animal.
 49. The method of claim 47, wherein the human parathyroid hormone is coupled to a carrier.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein the carrier is keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
 51. The method of claim 47, wherein the bioactive human parathyroid hormone comprises SEQ ID NO:
 1. 52. The method of claim 47, further comprising isolating the antibodies.
 53. The method of claim 52, wherein the antibodies are isolated by affinity chromatography.
 54. The method of claim 53, wherein the antibodies are isolated by screening the antibodies with fragments of the human parathyroid hormone linked to a solid phase.
 55. A method for producing antibodies that recognize and bind the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone, comprising a) immunizing an animal with parathyroid hormone; b) immunizing the animal with parathyroid hormone a second time; and c) recovering the antibodies from the animal, whereby the antibodies recognize and bind the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone.
 56. The method of claim 55, wherein the parathyroid hormone is conjugated to a carrier.
 57. The method of claim 56, wherein the carrier is keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
 58. The method of claim 54, wherein the parathyroid hormone is human parathyroid hormone.
 59. The method of claim 55, further comprising isolating the antibodies so recovered.
 60. The method of claim 59, wherein the antibodies are isolated by affinity chromatography.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the antibodies are isolated by fragments of parathyroid hormone coupled to a solid phase.
 62. The method of claim 61, wherein the fragments of parathyroid hormone are selected from the group consisting of amino acids 1-13, 13-34, and 39-84 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 63. The method of claim 61, wherein the antibodies are isolated by a fragment of parathyroid hormone consisting of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 64. A method for producing antibodies that recognize and bind the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone, comprising a) immunizing an animal with parathyroid hormone, wherein the parathyroid hormone comprises amino acids 1-84 of SEQ ID NO: 1; b) immunizing the animal with parathyroid hormone a second time; and c) recovering the antibodies from the animal, whereby the antibodies recognize and bind the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone.
 65. The method of claim 64, further comprising isolating the antibodies so recovered.
 66. The method of claim 64, wherein the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 67. A method for producing antibodies that recognize and bind the bioactive, three-dimensional amino terminus of parathyroid hormone, comprising a) immunizing an animal with parathyroid hormone conjugated to a keyhole limpet hemocyanin, wherein the parathyroid hormone comprises amino acids 1-84 of SEQ ID NO: 1; b) subsequently immunizing the animal with parathyroid hormone; and c) recovering the antibodies from the animal, whereby the antibodies recognize and bind the bioactive, three-dimensional amino terminus of parathyroid hormone.
 68. The method of claim 67, wherein the bioactive three-dimensional amino terminus of parathyroid hormone consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 69. An isolated antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone.
 70. The isolated antibody of claim 69, wherein the bioactive, three dimensional epitope is the amino terminus of parathyroid hormone.
 71. The isolated antibody of claim 69, wherein the parathyroid hormone is human parathyroid hormone.
 72. The isolated antibody of claim 69, wherein the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 73. An isolated antibody recognizing a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence from Ser in the 1 position to Lys in the 13 position of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 74. An isolated antibody according to claim 73 recognizing a peptide consisting of an amino acid sequence from Ser in the 1 position to Lys in the 13 position of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 75. An antibody that is immunoreactive with the bioactive amino-terminal portion of human parathyroid hormone.
 76. The antibody of claim 75, wherein the bioactive amino-terminal portion comprises amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 77. The antibody of claim 75, wherein the bioactive amino-terminal portion consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 78. A therapeutic composition comprising the antibody of claim 75, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
 79. The antibody of claim 75, wherein the antibody reduces adenylate cyclase activity by binding to the bioactive portion of the parathyroid hormone.
 80. Any one of the antibodies of claims 69, wherein the antibody is a polyclonal antibody.
 81. Any one of the antibodies of claims 69, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 82. Any one of the antibodies of claims 69, wherein the antibody is a humanized antibody.
 83. Any one of the antibodies of claims 69, wherein the antibody is an antibody fragment.
 84. Any one of the antibodies of claims 69 coupled to a detectable marker.
 85. An antibody that specifically binds to the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of human parathyroid hormone, wherein the epitope consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 86. A polyclonal antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of human parathyroid hormone produced by a process comprising the following steps: a) immunizing an animal with human parathyroid hormone linked with keyhole limpet hemocyanin; b) immunizing the animal with human parathyroid hormone; and c) recovering the antibodies from the animal, whereby the antibodies recognize and bind the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of human parathyroid hormone.
 87. A polyclonal antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of human parathyroid hormone produced by a process comprising the following steps: a) immunizing an animal with human parathyroid hormone linked with keyhole limpet hemocyanin; b) immunizing the animal with human parathyroid hormone; and c) recovering the antibodies from the animal, whereby the antibodies recognize and bind the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of human parathyroid hormone, and wherein the bioactive three-dimensional epitope consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 88. An antibody selective for bioactive parathyroid hormone.
 89. An antibody selective for bioactive parathyroid hormone, wherein the antibody recognizes and binds at least one of the first thirteen amino acids of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 90. An isolated antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone, or a variant thereof.
 91. An isolated antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone, or a fragment thereof.
 92. A kit comprising an antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone.
 93. The kit of claim 92, wherein the antibody is coupled with a detectable label.
 94. The kit of claim 92, wherein the bioactive, three-dimensional epitope consists of amino acids 1-13 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 95. The kit of claim 92, further comprising tools for obtaining a biological sample containing parathyroid hormone from a patient.
 96. The kit of claim 93, wherein the detectable label is selected from the group consisting of chemiluminescent markers, fluorescent markers, radioactive markers, and enzymatic markers.
 97. The kit of claim 93, wherein the detectable label is an acridinium ester.
 98. A method for detecting bioactive parathyroid hormone in a sample, comprising a) exposing the sample to an antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone; and b) detecting the antibody-hormone complex, thereby detecting the bioactive parathyroid hormone in the sample.
 99. The method of claim 98, wherein the antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone is coupled with a detectable marker.
 100. The method of claim 98, further comprising exposing the antibody-hormone complex to another antibody that recognizes and binds parathyroid hormone before step (b).
 101. A method for detecting bioactive parathyroid hormone in a sample, comprising a) exposing the sample to a capture antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive three-dimensional epitope of parathyroid hormone; b) exposing the capture antibody-hormone complex to a detection antibody that binds a different epitope than the capture antibody; and b) detecting the antibody-hormone complex, thereby detecting the bioactive parathyroid hormone in the sample.
 102. The method of claim 101, wherein the detection antibody is coupled to a chemiluminescent marker.
 103. The method of claim 102, wherein the chemiluminescent marker is an acridinium ester.
 104. The method of claim 98, wherein the sample is from a patient with hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism.
 105. The method of claim 101, wherein the sample is from a patient with hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism.
 106. An immunoassay comprising an antibody that recognizes and binds the bioactive three-dimensional amino terminus of human parathyroid hormone.
 107. The immunoassay of claim 106, wherein the bioactive three-dimensional amino terminus consists of amino acids 1-13 SEQ ID NO:
 1. 